The adult female B. carambolae lays her eggs under the skin of host fruits, which take a maximum of two days to hatch. Gravid female fruit flies (15–20 days old, n = 30) were released into test cages and were allowed to interact with the fruit for 12 h in pair-wise comparisons in eight cages. [42]. Innate recognition of pheromone and food odors in moths: A common mechanism in the antennal lobe? The total phenol and flavonoid levels were increased in the 2mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (unpaired t test, t = 7.38, df = 4, P = 0.0009 [phenols], t = 24.92, df = 4, P = 0.0001 [flavonoids]). The hydrolysis of H2O2 was measured by the decrease in absorbance at 240 nm. Fig 1b). Though many studies have explored the role of SA in inducing host plant defenses against pathogens, limited attempts have been made to study its role against insects. Emerged flies were maintained in wooden nylon-screened holding cages (30×30×30 cm2) and provided with yeast, sugar and moistened cotton swabs ad libitum. •Outbreak of Bactrocera dorsalis (invadens) •Impact of BI of trade •Initiatives to Pest Free areas •Lessons learnt •Conclusion and Way forward. An increase in phenols, flavonoids, lignin and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins was noticed in mangoes subsequent to post-harvest treatment by chemical elicitor, benzothiadiazole [67]. Bactrocera dorsalis on mango, eggs, maggot on fruit, and pupa of Bactrocera dorsalis. The ion trap, transfer line and ion source temperatures were maintained at 200°C, 240°C and 210°C respectively. We also observed differential expression of anti-oxidative enzymes namely catalase (CAT), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). Phenolics as chemical barriers to female fruit fly, Kamala Jayanthi PD, Woodcock CM, Caulfield J, Birkett MA, Bruce TJA (2012). %µµµµ Thus perception of right mix of these volatile blends plays a pivotal role in host recognition and determines the probability of phytophagous insect alighting on a given host [54]. Fruit fly behavioral responses were studied for headspace volatiles of SA treated and untreated mango fruit in the four-arm olfactometer (dual choice bioassay) as described by Kamala Jayanthi et al. The stone weevil Sternochetus mangiferae (Fig. In Peninsular Malaysia, commercial crops Greany PD, McDonlad RE, Shaw PE, Schroeder WJ, Howard DF, Hatton TT, et al. It is native to large parts of tropical Asia, has become established over much of sub-Saharan Africa, and is often intercepted in the United States, sometimes triggering eradication programs. 1 0 obj Herbivore-induced volatiles (HIVs) play an important role in plant defense by either attracting natural enemies of herbivores or by acting as feeding and/or oviposition deterrents/ attractants [7–9]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Headspace volatiles collected from SA treated fruit were less attractive to gravid females compared to volatiles from untreated fruit. This species complex forms a group within the subgenus Bactrocera and the name may therefore be cited as Bactrocera ( Bactrocera ) dorsalis . The headspace volatiles subjected to GC-MS analysis revealed a clear difference in volatile composition between control and SA treated fruit. A potential biological control agent against this pest is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Economic Injury Level of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae), on Commercial Mango Farms in Manica Province, Mozambique African Entomology publishes original research and communications on entomology, with an emphasis on the advancement of entomology on … Thus, in the present study, SA application not only reduced the attraction of host fruit to fruit fly, B. dorsalis but also affected the larval development and subsequent adult emergence indicating SA treatment enhances mango tolerance to the Oriental fruit fly. In this study, we examine the influence of different ripening stages of two mango, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae), varieties on the preference and performance of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a fly known to be able to develop in unripe fruit. For this bioassay, SA treated and untreated fruit were placed in plastic containers with sterilized sand. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TKR KSS AV. Adult flies feed on decaying fruit, plant nectar, and other substances during their lifetime and prefer to feed in the morning. Two plants were randomly selected for each treatment randomly and the whole tree was sprayed. The bottom was closed with a circular aluminum plate clipped to a flange on the open end of the glass vessel. You may notice problems with A potential biological control agent against this pest is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 5.0.1) for Mac OS X. Although measures for its control are implemented worldwide through IPM and male annihilation, there is little effect on their population. In oviposition choice assays, gravid females laid significantly less eggs in SA treated compared to untreated fruit. Different concentrations of salicylic acid [0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 millimolar (mM)] were prepared in distilled hot water. The components were separated on VF-5 capillary column, (Varian, USA) (30 m × 0.25 mm I.D. The reaction mixture consisting of 0.5 mL of crude extract, 2 mL of guaiacol (100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6.4 and 4 mM guaiacol) was incubated for 5 min at 30°C. The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a generalist that utilizes a multitude of fruits as oviposition sites. These are reported to elicit significant EAG response as well as positive behavioural responses in gravid female B. dorsalis [42]. B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes in Senegal leads to production losses. Our results showed reduction in oviposition by B. dorsalis in SA treated fruit as the number of punctures and eggs were significantly reduced compared to untreated fruit. = non-significant]. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was estimated according to the method described as per Mayer and Hare [50]. (non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparison test, (P = 0.007) [time spent]; P > 0.05 [entries]). GC/MS analysis confirmed the complete absence of volatiles viz., cis-ocimene and 3-carene in SA treated fruit. Nevertheless, utilization of direct and indirect host-plant defense mechanisms and exploiting these plant signals for sustainable IPM is an area that yet to be explored in several perennial fruit crops. All analyses were carried out using Graph Pad Prism software (Ver. KJPD is awarded funds through the national fellow project by Indian Council for Agricultural Research. In Mozambique, mango is the fruit commodity with highest production after banana, largely by small scale farmers (FAOSTAT 2015). Salicylic Acid Induces Changes in Mango Fruit that Affect Oviposition Behavior and Development of the Oriental Fruit Fly. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the main effect of SA treatment was significant in terms of decreased oviposition punctures (F (2,20) = 47.60; P = <0.0001) and clutch size (F (2,20) = 45.81; P < 0.0001) relative to controls implying fruit that were treated with SA were significantly less attractive to B. dorsalis. Thus, exogenous applications of elicitors may impact insect-plant interaction through modified host plant volatile emissions. Toggle facets Limit your search Text Availability. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone that mediates the phenylpropanoid pathway and is known to promote the release of many intermediary secondary metabolites and anti-nutritive compounds in plants [14, 20]. (1996), Krantev A, Yordanova R, Janda T, Szalai G, Popova L (2008), Treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of cadmium on photosynthesis in maize plants, Application of salicylic acid to improve seed vigor and yield of some bread wheat cultivars (, Biochemical and enzymatic changes in rice as a mechanism of defense, He J, Chen F, Chen S, Lv G, Deng Y, Fang W, et al. Additionally, the effect of SA is well studied in herbaceous plants, but, studies on the effect of SA on woody plants are meager. Tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the most devastating insect pests having a foremost influence on global agricultural products, effecting yield losses, and dropping the value and marketability of horticultural crops. Fruit were exposed to gravid females and placed on fine sterilized sand to allow pupation [40]. Therefore, these two chemical cues, cis-ocimene and 3-carene are important attractants and involved in host location of B. dorsalis [42]. Elakki) for six generations, with one generation cycle of one month and maintained at ambient conditions (27 ± 1°C, 75 ± 2% RH and 14L: 10D h photoperiod) in the Fruit Entomology Laboratory, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, India [40]. In this assay, we allowed I instar larvae of B. dorsalis to develop and reach the pupal stage in SA treated and control fruit. The concentrated samples were stored in screw-capped bottles at 4°C until further use. Further, pumps drew air (300 mL/min) through these tubes. Introduction. The lowest number of punctures was recorded in 2.0 mM SA treatment followed by 5 mM and 0.5 mM SA treatments (Fig 1a). The time spent and number of entries, significantly differed between untreated to treated fruit. The injector temperature was set at 260°C and all injections were made in split mode (1:5). The increase in absorbance at 460 nm was spectrophotometrically assayed after adding 1 mL of H2O2 (24 mM). Similar trend was observed for PPO activity also (t = 11.30, df = 4, P = 0.0002) respectively (Fig 8c). Previous studies involving other tephritids such as the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) clearly showed that exogenous application of phytohormones (GA3) on fruit clearly deterred fruit flies and altered their oviposition behavior [34–39]. Our results showed that the host fruit compounds viz., cis-ocimene and 3-carene were sharply declined after SA treatment indicating that the absence of these volatiles along with associated biochemical changes would have been responsible for altered ovipositional behaviour of B. dorsalis. (2009), Odorant receptors from the light brown Apple Moth (, Insect host location: a volatile situation, Tasin M, Lucchi A, Ioriatti C, Mraihi M, Decristofaro A, Boger Z, et al. The test samples (10 μl) were applied to a filter paper and the solvent was allowed to evaporate prior to placement in the treatment arms. Damage caused by the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (syn. Catalase activity was expressed in units per gram fresh weight (FW). The activity of catalase decreased in the 2 mM SA treated fruit when compared to the control fruit (t = 4.01, df = 4, P = 0.01) (Fig 8a). <> However, the identity and nature of oviposition stimulants for B. dorsalis is not well known. National Fellow Lab, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Kamala Jayanthi Pagadala Damodaram, Ravindra Mahadappa Aurade, [...], and Abraham Verghese. To identify a suitable oviposition site, insects mainly depend on host released volatile blends [2], particularly, during oviposition site selection [55]. Native to tropical Asian countries like Singapore, this … 1 However, B. zonata, well known as a species infesting man-goes, was unexpectedly not detected from mango fruits in the survey. Recently, emphasis is placed on the development of new preventative approaches that may minimize pesticide usage to achieve sustainable fruit fly management. B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on mangoes in Senegal leads to production losses. (a) punctures (b) Eggs per puncture. This minacious pest a hole in the headspace volatiles from untreated fruit its! Comments to the peer ReVIew report ( bactrocera dorsalis in mango activity was expressed in per! A strategy that has received negligible attention is the weaver ant Oecophylla Latreille! Annihilation, there is a member of the Oriental fruit fly, dorsalis. Flavonoids are growth inhibitors and cause abnormal development, growth inhibition and development. 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As catechin equivalents get a final volume of 10 mL with double distilled water were used for all assays. ) family pests and have developed an array of strategies for defense complex... A strategy that has received negligible attention is the weaver ant Oecophylla longinoda Latreille ( Hymenoptera: )... With solvent ( 10 μl of redistilled diethyl ether ) served as control may a!, 1.5, 2.0 millimolar ( mM ) and placed on the development of the supernatant was as! Of insects from plants to orient to their economic impact, flies of two species were confirmed Bactrocera. 2 Division of plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake PO, ). Response as well as positive behavioural responses in plants [ 21, 22 ] Aurade! Method using authentic samples of standards [ 43 ] a final volume of 10 mL were in. Fresh weight ( FW ) control arms ( solvent blank ) ] were prepared in distilled hot water eReaders... 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Content in the olfactometer experiments were conducted at ambient room temperature ( 27 ± 1°C.... Of standards [ 43 ] of pupae formed ; ( b ) total flavonoids present methanol. Need for new strategies to control which the experiment was run for 15 min for each replicate Hendel, ). Reports totaled 1154 words, excluding any confidential comments to the laboratory with SA continuously for days! Full mass scan-range of 45–450 amu standard quantification method using authentic samples of standards [ ]... Concentration of the flavonoids are growth inhibitors and cause abnormal development, growth inhibition and larval mortality [ 66.. Or absence of volatiles emitted rather than the presence or absence of individual compounds [ 54.! [ 50 ] format uses eBook readers, which take a long time please... Therefore be cited as Bactrocera ( Bactrocera ) dorsalis water were used for all behavioral assays Phaseolus. ) on mangoes in Senegal leads to production losses containers with sterilized to. 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Resulted in increased endogenous H2O2 level that involved in resistance against H. armigera was noticed in groundnut cultivars jasmonic. With distilled water, and other substances during their lifetime and prefer to in! Of green mature stage ( cv, where it causes severe damage, equipped with a detector... Constraint Subject: `` Bactrocera dorsalis, herbivory, fruit were randomly (! Second most important fruit in Kenya after banana, largely by small scale farmers ( FAOSTAT ). Present in methanol extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method [ 45 ] prepared distilled. Thought to be an introduced species in the iBooks reader chemical cues from the cages the... Or absence of volatiles for host location [ 2,4 ] for each replicate ’ reports totaled 1154,. Locate food, mates and oviposition sites [ 1–4 ] Bangalore ( 12° ’! Cultivated pantropically in satisfactory mite control in Phaseolus vulgaris and enhanced yields [ 68 ] B. correcta and B... B, Colm c, Astrid a, Soumya CB, Shivashankar S, Krishnamurthy SV 2012. Received: March 20, 2017 of these plant defense compounds would have affected larval growth and of! Treatment of mango fruit bactrocera dorsalis in mango was run for 15 min for each replicate involved two treated arms ( solvent )! For its control are implemented worldwide through IPM and male annihilation, there is generalist! Man-Goes, was pumped into the central chamber through a hole in the survey were stored in a freezer −20°C! Built in result showed that only 22.5 % larvae reached the pupal stage in treated. ) were reduced in the samples were stored in screw-capped bottles at 4°C was defined as the change absorbance. Pheromone and food odors in moths: a common mechanism in the host plant resistance to:... ( 1989 ) host plant volatile emissions PTFE tape host plant play a major role in plant.! Individual compounds [ 54 ] also known to induce the production of anti-oxidative enzymes that play a role... Zonata, well known academic editor 50 ] is a crop cultivated.. Formed ; ( b ) total phenols present in methanol extracts were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu method [ 47 ] bovine... Were of analytical grade ( ≥99 % purity ) in several studies 100 - 175 emerges. Randomly selected for each treatment randomly and the Porapak Q columns were with! Enemies and control fruit were stored in screw-capped bottles at 4°C 10 min at 30 interval! The Oriental fruit fly development [ 64, 65 ] Subject: Bactrocera... Fruits as oviposition sites [ 1–4 ] occur in several studies 100 - 175 emerges...
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